A Gender Neutral Law Of Rape Criminology Essay

A Gender Neutral Law Of Rape Criminology Essay It is often taken for granted that women are naturally unequal to men, and the artificial equality of women is more in the books than in the mores of the community; we live in a world where men are taught consciously to be aggressive, and women are taught to be docile and submissive, thus seemingly convincing every woman of her docile status.  [1]  Some studies  [2]  show the hard reality of the status of women in society as a negation of the constitutional promise of equality of status and opportunity. The concept of gender justice covers the right of women against victimisation, and accordingly, gender equality would be a mere lip-service with no tangible results unless women are protected against sexual violence and rape. Time and again, the Supreme Court of India has held that mere existence is not the exercise of the right to life, but that the right to life includes the right to live with human dignity.  [3]  Thus, says Justice Anand, when crimes are committed again st women, the same should be viewed in the context of violation of her right under Art.21 of the Constitution, and not merely as a crime in rem.  [4]   The debate presented herein considers the transformation of rape laws from gender-specific to gender-neutral legislation. The author presents arguments based in feminist legal theory and sociological jurisprudence to affirm that the law of rape in India  [5]  needs to progress from its current position as a women-centric law, to a gender-neutral law, recognising male victims of rape. The claim is indeed simple: if women have a right to live with dignity, so do male members of the society, and just as rape affects and traumatises the fairer sex, so too, does rape traumatise and humiliate the stronger sex. The author presents three strains of arguments in favour of his position: firstly, that males are socialised into recognising themselves as macho; secondly, that gender-neutral definitions of rape are not necessarily a backlash against the feminist school of thought; and thirdly, that male rape victims often fall prey to the patriarchal social structure that is largely prevalent in the contemporary world. 1.2 Recognising Rape as a Gendered Term Rape is a sub-species of sexual assault, usually involving sexual intercourse, which committed by one person or a large number of persons in a group against another, without that others consent. The act may be carried out by brute force, coercion, abuse of dominant position or with a person who is unable to give consent to sexual intercourse, including a person who is unconscious, incapacitated, intoxicated or below the legal age of consent.  [6]  It includes the forced penetration of the vulva or anus of a person, using a penis or any other body parts or an object.  [7]  In her seminal work Susan Brownmiller writes: Sexual assault in our day and age is hardly restricted to forced genital copulation, nor is it an exclusively male-on[-]female offenseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.And while the penis may be the rapists favourite weaponà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.And as men may invade women throughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[their] orifices, so too, do they invade men. Who is to say that sexual humiliation suffered through forced oral sex or rectal penetration is a lesser violation of the personal, private inner space, a lesser injury to mind, spirit and sense of self?Similarly, the gravity of the offence ought not to be bound by the victims gender. That the law must move in this direction seems clear.  [8]   The traditional definition of rape as the penile penetration of the vagina leads to a gendered perception of the offence,  [9]  whereas the reality provides a different picture. The purpose of rape law is to protect the sexual autonomy of individuals from the risk of non-consensual penetrative sex acts.  [10]   It is arbitrary for traditional rape laws to exclude male victims by only proscribing punishment for male-on-female rape;  [11]  while it is admitted, and in fact accurate, that women are more susceptible to rape, it is not true that men are completely secure against sexual assault, or immune to the trauma and humiliation suffered therefrom. Therefore, it is arbitrary to cite minority instances as a reason against gender-neutral rape laws, and in fact, one may argue, that it is against the Constitutional mandate of equality before law, and equal protection of law.  [12]  It is not unfounded then, to expand the definition of rape to male victims, for otherwise, the criminal law fails to achieve its human rights objective of equal legal protection, and subjects men to inhuman or degrading treatment.  [13]   Mere biological differences in such cases do not constitute intelligible differentia, and neither are these differentia inextricably linked with the objective of rape-laws, as has been stated previously.  [14]  The feminist belief that the recognition of male victimisation is not the goal of rape laws  [15]  is well answered by Joceylynne Scutt, who argues: A principle of criminal law is, surely, that all persons should be protected equally from harm of like degreeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦treating crimes of a like heinousnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[is] stronger thanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[distinguishing between] penetration of the female body and of the male body, whatever the sex of the actor.  [16]   1.3 Living in a Macho Society While feminists such as MacKinnon, Naffine and Novotny argue against gender-neutral definitions of rape, the necessity for such a definition cannot be ignored;  [17]  quite obviously, the existing laws have left much room for improvement.  [18]  The idea of violence, especially of the sexual kind, is so tainted by stereotypes that the first thing it usually brings to mind is a male alone as perpetrator and a female victim.  [19]  The male is almost always viewed as the aggressor, and never as a victim even in todays society.  [20]  Through the processes of socialisation, women are taught that they are constantly under the risk of sexual attack, and that they therefore need legal protection from such attack.  [21]   This pattern of thought can legitimately be challenged by plain facts that reflect the state of contemporary society today. Sexual violence against men is now a reality that cannot be ignored, as is the fact that it is indeed more prevalent than those against gender-neutral abuse definitions would like to admit.  [22]  This fact in itself changes the flow of the anti-gender neutrality debate that was until now heavily influenced by the notion that gender neutrality in defining abuse and rape are unnecessary. Hundreds of cases of male prisoners being subjected to sexual misconduct including rape have been reported by the Bureau of Justice Statistics of the United States of America.  [23]  This, in spite of the fact that most prisons have an unwritten and unspoken Code of Silence  [24]  that quietly but effectively discourages victims from reporting abuse to officials or administration. What is even more disquieting is that juvenile institutions are a huge part of this number. While rape itself is unimaginably horrific, the magnitude of damage that can be caused in the case of minors is alarmingly huge, and affects various areas of a persons life. The common assumption that sexual abuse of males is less harmful than that of females has dangerous implications for male victims.  [25]  It impedes their ability to live normally, and can lead to problems with intimacy, the ability to cope, and confusion regarding sexual orientation, and more dangerously, the likeliness to inflict self-harm, indulge in substance abuse and greatly reduce their quality of life.  [26]  One man who had suffered the trauma of statutory rape as a child states: I started drinking and taking drugs when I was 12à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.No one would believe me about all of the physical and sexual abuse, so when I took drugs and alcohol, I didnt even have to believe it myself. It made it easier to deal withà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I buried the [sexual abuse] with booze and drugs.  [27]   Thus, it can be seen that it is absolute erroneous judgment that gender-neutral definitions of abuse and rape are considered unnecessary, and the kind of socialisation that looks at victimisation as something women-centric is in no way beneficial to anyone at all. That social and gender roles are labelled and stereotyped is extremely detrimental to the realism and practicality that we need, as we analyse rape today to ensure that justice can be administered in the true sense of the word, whenever and wherever necessary. No system of domination is absolute, and in these terms, rape cannot be seen as the phenomenon of victimising female members of society.  [28]  What is in fact singular is that the feminist legal theorists are themselves divided among themselves on the notions of formal equality and rape-law.  [29]   The tunnel-vision view of such selective socialisation is, as Talcott Parsons has stated, one that dictates the definition of gender-normative and gender-deviant behaviour. This is especially relevant, progressively more so in todays society where the trauma of male rape is aggravated by the victims sense of societal emasculation  [30]  and an assumed fear of disbelief.  [31]  That this happens should, in itself by all logical thought be the biggest catalyst that will enable gender-neutral definitions of rape to become the most relevant and significant. What is clear is that while traditional beliefs of rape continue to exist, the law has to consider rape beyond the traditional paradigms.  [32]   1.4 Gender-Neutral Definitions not a Backlash against Feminism Feminists have taken issue with the recognition of male rape, and criticise the same as a backlash against feminism;  [33]  according to Jeanne Gregory and Sue Lees however, male rape highlights the dominant hegemonic heterosexuality that prevails in contemporary society.  [34]  Feminists have expressed outrage at the rape-law reforms in the United Kingdom leading to the promulgation of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act of 1994, recognising that men too, can be victims of rape.  [35]  The new statutory definition of rape under the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act of 2009 allows for male victims of anal rape to be legally recognised as such.  [36]   It is further submitted that gender-neutral definitions of rape merely recognise male members of society as victims of rape committed upon them by both male and female perpetrators.  [37]  Herein, gender neutrality may be stated as simply recognising that males may fall victim to rape, and in no way does it undermine the substantive equality of women.  [38]  In essence, amendment to rape laws does not change the position of the original female victims,  [39]  but rather, adds a new category of legitimate victims. It is no doubt undeniable that majority of the instances of rape are male-on-female rape; however, incidences of rape being committed by female perpetrators cannot be ignored, even if (in Canada) they form a paltry 3% of the total number of offenders (in 2007).  [40]  It is also rather easy to brush off males sexual responses in certain states of severe emotion as voluntary, whereas in reality studies have shown that males are susceptible to involuntary erections;  [41]  the belief that it is impossible for males to respond sexually when subjected to molestation by women has been contradicted.  [42]   While the importance of labelling the experiences of female rape victims is well documented, the feeling of isolation is a mutually common experience for both sexes.  [43]  Social attitudes towards male victims of rape include homophobia and further sexual assault.  [44]  The social failure in most jurisdictions to recognise female-on-male and male-on-male rape as social realities no matter how minor the instances are to classify them as freak occurrences  [45]   contributes directly to the failure of the law to empathise with male victims;  [46]  social recognition of such a reality may contribute to the legal assistance of victims in seeking redress.  [47]   An author suggests, for example, failure to recognise rape as those cases in which a woman forces a man to penetrate her vaginally, orally or anally suggests that there is something specific about being non-consensually penetrated that is more fundamentally damaging, traumatic or violating than being compelled to penetrate.  [48]  While it is naÃÆ' ¯ve to assume, in this manner, that the elements constituting rape, including consent, would be the same for both male and female victims, it is not wrong to construct identical legal remedies;  [49]  this does not also mean to say that individual victims experiences are the same, although to a large extent, they may be said to be similar.  [50]  It is therefore, time to take male-rape out of the closet  [51]  and deal with it in courts.  [52]   1.5 Male Rape Victims as Victims of a Patriarchal Set-up What is in fact true and not wholly inaccurate, is that the feminist claim of male domination is prevalent in both social as well as legal structures  [53]   this may in fact be the very reason males are prevented from coming forth as rape victims. The dominance strain of thought in feminism calls to attention the male norm in law and society is universal and unchallenged;  [54]  it may in fact be this same legal and social male norm that prevents the legal framework from understanding the trauma and humiliation suffered by victims of unconventional rape. The argument of radical feminists for dramatic social transformation and redress of the power imbalance  [55]  may well be used in favour of gender-neutral rape laws. What may in fact be an accurate representation of the present scenario is that the conventional notions of patriarchy and male dominance in social structures have a consequential negative effect on male-rape trauma; if the need of the hour is to recognise male-rape as a reality, then the radical social transformation that feminists favour is indeed necessary; gender-neutral rape laws can mellow the power relations that dominate cultures and societies today, and therefore the feminist claim of a backlash effect  [56]  against them is negated by their own arguments. In other words, what the law must aim to do is to curb the negative portrayal of male power and positive portrayal of females as victims of male dominance,  [57]  and recognise males as victims of their own social set-up. The essential social relations, as recognised by MacKinnon, between men and women is that of domination and submission, and this is the reason for the ignorance of male victimisation;  [58]  the so-called gendered power-relations that govern male-female relationships often govern male-male, and in certain instances, female-male relationships as well; the author suggest that the patriarchal social structure, system and set-up itself has led to the aggravated victimisation of male rape victims. In essence, society has silently tolerated aggression against men, while rather overtly tolerating aggression by men:  [59]  it is a part of the code of manhood to be emotionally stoic.  [60]  By positing gender-neutral rape laws, the legal system in essence recognises rape as a crime of violence, rather than a crime of sex.  [61]   1.6 Conclusion As an author states, Over the past century and a half the gendered essence of [statutory] rape has become deeply embedded in the purpose of the statute.  [62]  While it is not denied that traditionally, rape forms a part of the repertoire of strategies of control  [63]  of women by men, incidents have come to light in the recent past  [64]  where men have been subjected to the same trauma and humiliation that is suffered by women female perpetrators and male victims do exist.  [65]  The broader point is that, no category of identity, gender being merely one of the many examples, withstands the test of time;  [66]  the law is dynamic, and must change with changes in social trends. Sexual aggression leading to rape has slowly been recognised in many jurisdictions as behaviour carried out with the aim of making another person to engage in sexual activity despite his or her willingness to do so;  [67]  gradually, the trend has emerged where a passive form of sexual aggression has been attributed to women.  [68]   Bearing in mind this debate, many common law nations have largely made a move towards reforming the law of rape and inculcating aspects of gender-neutrality (by redefining consent, or otherwise), and recognising males as victims of rape by both women and other men.  [69]  The challenge presented is therefore, of gargantuan proportions: adequate protection needs to be afforded to both female and male victims of rape, and the gendered opinion of the offence needs to be transgressed; in other words, India too needs to consider an amendment of rape laws under the Indian Penal Code, 1860,  [70]  and progress towards a gender-neutral paradigm.

A more personal essay about betrayal Essay

Over the past few years, I have gained much knowledge about betrayal. I have come to believe that it is close to the worst thing that people can do to each other (besides murder), and it’s something that happens more and more as one grows older. By definition, betrayal can mean to be unfaithful, to deliver something to an enemy by treachery, or to desert a person in the time of need. Obviously, this can tell a person a couple of things. First of all, betrayal is a broad â€Å"subject,† and secondly, it is downright malicious. The first example of betrayal that I have given is to be unfaithful. In my eyes, this is probably the worst form of betrayal. I think this because I have been cheated on and I know that the feeling one gets when he or she finds out about the affair is absolutely heart wrenching. At first, I went to pieces when I found out, but then I got over it and I forgave my boyfriend (at that time). Big mistake. He never stopped lying to me, and to this day he still does ,even though we aren’t together anymore. I guess I should have thought twice and listened to the popular saying â€Å"Once a cheater, always a cheater.† The next example that I choose to represent betrayal was to deliver something to an enemy by treachery. Many people have experienced this, but the largest upset was most likely when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. The Japanese government was trying to side with the Germans during World War II. The Japanese told the United States that they would not do anything, but then they bombed us, leaving our country open for anything that could come our way from the Germans. I think that is betrayal because the Japanese lied to our country. Although, I guess things turned out for the better in the end; our economy went up slightly and the Japanese were avenged†¦twice. My last example of betrayal is to desert a person in the time of need. I believe that this instance is best depicted in â€Å"Hamlet,† a play by William Shakespeare. Prince Hamlet’s mother, uncle, and friends all desert him in his time of need, which was after his father’s death. This may sound quite confusing, but Claudius (Hamlet’s uncle) killed Hamlet’s father. Not even a  month after the father’s death, Claudius and Queen Gertrude (Hamlet’s mother) are joined in wedlock. Nobody thought that Hamlet was sane because of everything that had happened to him. His friend’s weren’t very true to him and his mother wouldn’t believe that Claudius killed his father. For those reasons, I feel that everyone betrayed Hamlet in the sense that they deserted him in his special time of need. As one can see, betrayal is a harshly wounding action. It can leave an imprint on a person’s heart for many years and it can also make them lose trust in loved ones. To be betrayed is to be completely deceived, and that is a hard thing to endure. I say this because I know it. It has happened to me and I will never forget it, but I have definitely overcome the pain.

A Novel About A Vampire Who Disrupts The Lives Of Jonathan...

Bram Stoker’s â€Å"Dracula,† a novel about a vampire who disrupts the lives of Jonathan Harker and his friends, seems to turn the sequence of events into an expression of the fears and anxieties that are prevalent in Victorian society. Lucy Westenra could be seen as the Ideal Victorian woman through her purity and beauty. However, such moments as â€Å"why can’t they let a girl marry three men, or as many as want her,† disrupts that idea (64). The novel registers concern about women’s gender and sexuality. Indeed, Dracula can be read as a warning of what will happen to woman who exhibit these behaviors through showing and comparing the experiences of Lucy, the vampire sisters and Mina. Such concerns are resolved by the end of the novel with the death of Lucy and the vampire sisters symbolizing the death of the sexual New Woman. In Dracula, Lucy embodies some of the characteristics of an ideal Victorian woman. She is praised for her exceptional bea uty, with her looks being focused on throughout the novel. She gets attention from a multitude of men and is even proposed to three times in one day. Her attention from these men show that men during this time see perceive Lucy as an ideal Victorian women. In Quincy’s letter to Arthur he describes Arthur as having â€Å"won the noblest heart that God has made and the best worth winning† (Stoker, 68). To men Lucy is the best woman that a man could hope to wed. Quincy also describes Lucy as a â€Å"brave girl† and praises her for her honor to theShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality in Victorian and Elizabethan Literature.6608 Words   |  27 Pagesas a basis for their novels. Bram Stoker told a story about a vampire that challenged the Victorian gender roles and managed to reverse them, making men faint like women, and making women powerful like men, and called it Dracula. Mary Shelley created a a physical being out of a mans suppressed homosexuality due to his Victori an male upbringing; a man named Frankenstein. Robert Stevenson described what happens when a homosexual male attempts to live double lives to cover up his true feelings, and entitled

Essay about Living Long and Healthy Lives with HIV

There is no cure for HIV, but there are treatments to enable most people with the virus to live a long and healthy life. If anyone think he has been exposed to the virus within the last 72 hours (three days), anti-HIV medication post-exposure prophylaxis may stop him becoming infected. The quicker PEP is started the better The longer the wait, the less chance of it being effective. But the description is not accurate. PEP is a month-long treatment, which has serious side effects and is not guaranteed to work. The treatment involves taking the same drugs prescribed to people who have tested positive for HIV. If you are diagnosed with HIV, you will have regular blood tests to monitor the progress of the virus before starting treatment. You†¦show more content†¦Always check with clinic staff or your GP before taking any other medicines. Cytotoxic chemotherapy is frequently required for the more severe manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related Kaposis sarcoma. Combinations of bleomycin and vincristine (BV) or BV with the addition of doxorubicin (ABV) are the most commonly used regimens against which new treatments may be compared. We report a multicenter phase III study that compared pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) to the BV combination. on other hand in other studies Food insecurity, micronutrient deficits, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and bone disorders complicate the treatment of HIV infection. Nutrition and exercise interventions can be effective in ameliorating these symptoms that are associated with HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART). In this literature review, we examine the most recent nutrition and exercise interventions for HIV-infected patients. Macronutrient supplementation can be useful in treating malnutrition and wasting. Multivitamin (vi tamin B complex, vitamin C, and vitamin E) supplements and vitamin D may improve quality of life and decrease morbidity and mortality. 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Women s Influence On Women - 1669 Words

When searching for a definition to determine what the ideal woman is, one of the first thoughts to emerge is â€Å"What men want.† Throughout time it has been shown that women have only one purpose - to find themselves a husband and care for their family. This has been a standard set by society, making it almost impossible to extract away from this stereotype. There has been a fervor in recent years striving for change, women have began trying to make this change, but have made little to no progress due to the stereotype presence in media and literature. This creates not only a problem for women, but for men as well. Though not often spoken of, men too have been controlled by society’s influence. When searching for what the ideal man is, some†¦show more content†¦Their entire conversation revolves around women and what the two men have to go through to get their attention. Most men that actually care for a women would not speak in this manner, but they still s peak in the way society believes most men would. Their dialogue begins with them both explaining the falsehoods in their identities and Jack confessing his love for Gwendolyn. Through this exchange Algernon learns of Cecily Cardew. Like a typical man, Algernon begins fantasizing about her. This suits the stereotype that all men are looking for in a women is sex. Another reason why this situation between the two characters makes them look bad is because he knows nothing about her, but still acts as if he was in love with her. This is not the only conversation they have about women. Another is when Jack says, â€Å"My dear fellow, the truth isn’t quite the sort of thing one tells to a sweet, refined girl. What extraordinary ideas you have about the way to behave to a women† (Wilde 1610) Even though Gwendolyn and Jack’s relationship began with a lie, the subject is barely ever touched because it does not seem like a â€Å"big† deal. This gives off an impres sion to the readers that all men view women in this sort of way. They all believe women need to be lied to and need to be told things they want to hear in order to keep them happy. When Jack tries to speak to Gwendolyn about the truth, instead of telling her right there and then, heShow MoreRelatedWomen s Influence On Women1288 Words   |  6 Pagespeople perceive women. Society in the 1900s to today has made makeup a necessity for a woman to be considered feminine. Cosmetics were first used in America in 1888 by an unknown inventor from Philadelphia, and were trademarked under the name Mumm. 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False impressions are being put in the minds of youth and public by media that women just can’t live up to and shouldn’t have to. It all startsRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women Essay2292 Words   |  10 PagesQuestion: â€Å"Women received the vote based on their contribution to the war effort†. How accurate is this view that women gained the vote based solely on war work? 20 marks Attitudes towards women in 1900 were very different from attitudes today. In 1900 women’s personality traits were traditionally that they were emotional, untruthful immature, and so they were seen unfit and unworthy of the vote by men at that time. Many historians argue that there were many factors which led women to receivingRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women1084 Words   |  5 Pagesthe lives of slave women during slavery in the Caribbean and the Southern parts of the USA. According to Deborah Gray White women has lost their identity, because the history of women has been based off of myth rather than the history of women (ar’n’t I a woman page 3). History is supposed to give people a clearly look into their past, but women believe that they have to prove their women hood; although, many women has proven this during slavery and all of their hard ships, women are still lookingRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women1599 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the 1920s, â₠¬Ëœ30s, and ‘40s, women were making extreme social progress. They were starting to wear more revealing clothing, cutting their hair shorter, and generally becoming more respected in society. When the 1950’s came, however, women seemed to backtrack. The ‘50s housewife is a common stereotype associated with these times because of the rapid increase of ‘stay at home’ mothers. It was now the women’s job to stay at home and clean, cook, and watch the children when the husband was at workRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women1167 Words   |  5 PagesA notion of women have changed through encounter of various European people. Before that, they have their original culture, especially women role in the society was characteristic among mid-seventeenth centry to eighteen century. At the beginning of the book, the author Gunlong Fur shows that women had important role in the Native American society of Lenape. Firstly, they had responsibility of cultivating food, like corn and other vegetables. At this point, women knew when they should sow seeds byRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women997 Words   |  4 PagesOn a regularly basis women are judged for their appearance everywhere they may go. Whether it is by other woman or men, there are always negative remarks said about women. This is usually the reason why woman chose to wear make, to feel better about themselves during every occasion and enhance and array the beauty they already have. Of course, it is not necessary for woman to wear, but woman still do it because it makes them feel better. It is a form of great art used to elevate the beauty each womanRead MoreWomen s Influence On Women Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesthat when a women desires something, no one can stop her.† Individuals, scholars, and groups concerned with human rights and feminism, often criticize Islam over the treatment of their women. Westerners, such as form er first lady, Laura Bush, began a social political crusade in the name of â€Å"saving Muslim women† from â€Å"deliberate human cruelty.† In literature, they were depicted as stubborn, unfaithful, fragile, whose actions were based on the fear of the male figure. In everyday life, women are faced

Disabilites Curses or Blessings Free Essays

Imagine living an entire, dreadful life where every item in every single glare was black and white. Or every sprint a person takes leaves the individual breathless. Or picture an innocent, young child who cannot talk or utilize other major abilities like most of the other kids can. We will write a custom essay sample on Disabilites: Curses or Blessings? or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are just few of the many possible scenarios anyone in the U. S. , or even the rest of the world, can have. These scenarios so to speak are disabilities. According to (http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/disabilities) a disability is a physical or mental handicap, especially one that prevents a person from living a full, normal life. Disabilities are indeed categorized as being either physical or mental handicaps, and can range from color blindness and asthma to forms of learning disabilities. Also, disabilities can occur at any stage of an individual’s life. The person can be born with the disability, or can retrieve at later age of their life. Whether the age is 16 or 80, a person can obtain a disability at the most unexpected time of their life. For example, autism is a type of mental disability that a person is generally born with. In fact, autism affects 1 in every 110 kids and is currently the #1 growing disease in America (http://www. utismspeaks. org/what-autism/faq). Additionally, autism affects more people than cancer, HIV, and diabetes combined (http://www. autismspeaks. org/what-autism/faq). However, many people can attain a type of disability throughout their life like arthritis, which is a chronic, as well as, inflammatory disease that affects a human’s bones/discs, and can lead to mul tiple symptoms (http://www. buzzle. com/articles/arthritis/. Yet, despite the endless negative effects of physical, mental, and even developmental disabilities on Americans, these curses have actually been blessings in disguise throughout American history. Many Americans, like presidents or inventors, have positively impacted our country and even left legacies within history. Yet, almost all of these legends had a type of disability. So, perhaps more people have disabilities than most Americans presumed. Maybe disabilities affect so many Americans that these â€Å"special† people within society aren’t so special or different after all. These people may even be something that defies the dictionary’s definition of a disability, normal. There are three categories of disabilities, yet the physical category has the most disabilities, as well as, the most varying. Any issues relating to sight, hearing, chronic functions, or mobility are forms of physical disabilities. For instance, blindness, which is loss of vision/color due to mutations in a gene that produces a protein required by the retina (http://www. buzzle. com/articles/disabilities/), is the most common physical disability relating to the human’s sense of sight. Nevertheless, famous Underground Railroad conductor Harriet Tubman, who rescued hundreds of slaves from torture in South and lead to freedom in the North, developed blindness due to a severe head injury from a cruel slave owner (http://www. isabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-blind. shtml). But that didn’t stop Tubman from giving liberty to all of her fellow slaves. Another inspiring, American woman that developed blindness, and even hearing impairment, at a rather younger age is Helen Keller. Though Helen Keller had to live her entire life with 2 of the 5 major human senses not functioning, she would still graduate college and morph into a world-famous speaker and author. Keller is remembered as being an advocate or supporter of people with disabilities (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-blind. shtml). Speaking of people with hearing impairments, another brilliant American with that particular disability is the famous inventor Thomas Edison. Regardless of the deafness he attributed from scarlet fever during childhood, as well as, the other disabilities he obtained like asperser syndrome and dyslexia, Edison still managed to greatly aid America with the simple invention of a light bulb and the phonograph (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-deaf. shtml). If being blind or deaf was bad enough, just imagine being able to walk one day and then the next day unable to control the many muscles of the human body. Mobility disabilities like arthritis, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, and even stroke are just some of many examples of disabilities that a human can acquire at any moment of their precious life. Even with paralysis, another mobility disability that a medical condition where a person loses all the control over his/her muscles, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) still managed to serve at the 32nd President of the U. S. for a record-holding 4 terms. Being paralyzed from the waist down, FDR executed multiple treatments like UV lights, massages, and mineral baths. He consulted a number of other physicians and therapists in a vain effort to revitalize his muscles, but no success came. (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-polio. shtml). However, FDR was successful in â€Å"walking† in front of Congress, as well as, the entire world in producing one of his most famous speeches. The last form of a physical disability a human can encounter is chronic illnesses like chronic fatigue syndrome, cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, or even Club Feet like what the famous founder of the Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens got hold of. Stevens suffered many hardships in his childhood including club feet, a birth defect in which the foot is twisted in and down, and without treatment, afflicts a person to walk on their ankles. (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-clubfoot. shtml). Another popular disease, that successful presidents like John F. Kennedy, Woodrow, and Teddy Roosevelt suffered from, was asthma, which is a chronic condition involving the respiratory system in which the airway occasionally constricts, becomes inflamed (http://www. isabled-world. com/artman/publish/asthma-famous. shtml). Yet, this didn’t prevent any of these admirable men from completing the challenging duty of serving as the President of the United States. The other 2 categories of disabilities are mental and developmental disabilities. These classes of disabilities do not contain as many, or varying diseases as the physical category, but possesses unique effects and information for scientists to use in discoverin g a remedy in the challenging world of medicine. Mental disabilities like Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety disorder, memory loss, phobias, and hell even schizophrenia offer more mysterious and unexplainable effects to a human than most physical diseases do like possessing memory loss, or obsessive behavior, or even specific fears to things like snakes or heights. Though most Americans most likely know those diseases, what these Americans probably don’t know is that one of the greatest presidents in American history, Abraham Lincoln, suffered from a mood/bipolar disorder, which is a condition where the prevailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropriate. Depression/unipolar depression and ipolar disorder are two major types of mood disorder. According to many historians, the Emancipation Proclamation creator suffered from depression. (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/mooddisorders-famous. shtml) But, this did not stop Lincoln from aiding to free slaves in the South and even playing a major role in uniting the Union and the Confederacy during and after the Civil War. If possessing multiple abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality like a Schizophrenic or containing constant anxiety that stresses a person to an overwhelming rate like a person with an anxiety disorder (http://www. uzzle. com/articles/) was not mind-bottling enough, people should observe the developmental disabilities. Most developmental disabilities are complex learning disabilities like ADD/ADHD, down syndrome, or autism that almost all of these victims are born with due to unfortunate genetics. For instance, asperser syndrome, which has symptoms like being reluctance to listen or difficulty understanding social situations, etc, is another learning disability that is caused mainly by genetics. Therefore, many legendary American presidents or congressmen like Abraham Lincoln, Ben Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson were diagnosed with Asperser’s. Even famous American inventors like Alex Graham Bell, who invented the telephone, Henry Ford, who created Ford cars, and Thomas Edison had Asperser syndrome. Additionally, Thomas Edison, as well as, Woodrow Wilson possessed dyslexia, which is a specific learning disability that manifests primarily as a difficulty with written language, particularly with reading and spelling (http://www. isabled-world. com/artman/publish/article_2130. shtml#ixzz1jOL7TeXN ). Many Americans, at some point in their life, can dream of being the president of the United States. Or many American can imagine inventing an item almost as useful as a time machine, or even impact America so immensely that their name will forever be echoed in history. But, almost all of American didn’t dream of accomplishing these great deeds in a whe elchair, or with vision and/or hearing impairments, or even with a severe learning disability. Yet, many historical Americans ranging from Abraham Lincoln and FDR to Thomas Edison and Helen Keller maybe dreamed or didn’t dream of making such impacts on our country. Nevertheless, these legends achieved all these tasks with disabilities under their belt. Perhaps disabled Americans won’t achieve such monumental tasks, or have their name repeated in the history books. Perhaps disabled Americans will never live what some people consider â€Å"a normal life†. But, maybe there are more Americans with physical, mental, and developmental disabilities than most people presume. Maybe since there were so many disabled Americans that accomplished so much throughout history, as well as, in our country today that disabled people could be considered. Or perhaps most disabled Americans won’t live an ordinary life. These Americans could live an extraordinary life. Works Cited â€Å"Disabilities | Define Disabilities at Dictionary. com. † Dictionary. com | Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary. com. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions | Autism Speaks. † Autism Speaks |. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Arthritis | Buzzle. com. † Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"List of Disabilities and Disability Facts | Buzzle. com. † Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous Blind and Vision Impaired Persons. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous Well Known People with Hearing Impairments and Deafness. † Dis abled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous People Who Had and Have Polio. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous People with Club Feet or Foot. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous People with Asthma. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous People with Mood Disorders. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan. How to cite Disabilites: Curses or Blessings?, Essay examples

Environmental Management for Sustainable Development of Tassal

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development of Tassal Company. Answer: Introduction Tassal is one of the leading company in Australia in production of aquaculture products especially when salmon is concerned. The company is committed to establish proper relationship by working and collaborating with the local community within the country (Bell,Wade Ewing, p.784). The company is undertaking expansion plans which is as a result of its partnership with small business sector and the commercial fishing industry. For many years,Tassal has been a sustainability journey. The company has been working with WWF-Australia in order to achieve the best possible outcomes of responsible aquaculture since the year 2012. The company is able to employ more than 800 employees who are living within rural Tasmania (Grzega, p.271). The company is very conscious on its impact to the environment, its employees and their families because they are working very hard to meet the set high standards of the company. Consultations conducted by the community and stake holders are taken very seriously by the company and proper recommendations are implemented where possible. The company is aspiring for the world leadership in responsible aquaculture production by maintaining sustainability as its core value and part of their culture. Background of The Tassel Company Tassal Tasmania salmon is a prominent company known for its successful food and fish production. Mark Ryan is its managing director and its CEO. It is highly ranked and most recommended industry in the world of food industry. In the year 1986 the company inaugurated its first marine site. For the last 25 years the Tassal company has been offering the best sea food to the Australian people especially Salmon fish (Corntassel, p. 108). The organization is very consistent and promising in keeping its core values and sustainable practices. The organization is competent in striving for operational success. The organization has hard working, skilled, knowledgeable, competent and outstanding workers who are strength of the company. Currently, the organization is operating with approximately 800 workers (Grzega, p.271). The organization headquarters is located in Hobart Tasmania. The vision of the company is to create better promising future for its customers and Australian people at large. The organization mission is to manage proper health care, development of sustainable environment and general community development (Bushakra, p.1636). The organization is privileged to have accomplished several achievements which are defined as below: In the year 2010, the company launched Australias only canned Atlantic salmon and pure beauty products. In 2011, tassel was involved in fundraising for breast cancer to improve community development and services. In the year 2012, the tassel company benchmarked as the Fish Farming Company. Other achievement is such as the company is holding a very strong position as it is the top best company in producing salmon. Thus looking forward for future opportunities. Importance of Tassal company to the Australians Biodiversity Biodiversity is a very essential part of human life. It has intrinsic value where by each species has a value and right to live (Campoy, Le Dante Quero-Garcia, p. 789). Tassal company is known of maintaining proper diversity within its environment which has contributed several benefits to the Australian people. Improved economic value- many livelihoods depend greatly on biodiversity such as those of farmers, timber worker and fishers. This is because biodiversity provides raw materials for consumption and production as well. Ecological life support- a well-functioning biodiversity is promoted by biodiversity. This leads to proper supply of oxygen, pest control, pollination in plants, clean air and water, and waste water treatment. Recreation- many tourism industries in the country depend on diversity. Tassal company promote recreational pursuits by providing unique biodiversity, such as fishing, camping, birdwatching and hiking. Cultural- biodiversity through aesthetic appreciation, through spirituality and the expression of identity create a very close relationship with the Australian culture. Many Australians hold hitherto spiritual beliefs about plants and animals thus creating unique obligations to biodiversity. Scientific- scientifically biodiversity helps us to understand the natural world and its origin since it involves systematic ecological data. The company has achieved ASC certification for all its farm sites thus enabling it to maximize positive social impacts and contribute significantly to the Tasmanian economy. It has led to implementation of sustainability focus throughout the company (Ferguson Lovell, p. 263). This has led to good communication between the company, customers and stakeholders. The federal senate inquiry has enable the company to showcase its robustness in its regulatory framework and gain proper understanding of its stakeholders concerns (Cox DeHaan, p. 453). It has enabled the investors, customers, consumers and the public to regard Tassal as environmentally and socially responsible. This create suitable working conditions for its employees and its neighborhoods. The company has implemented best infrastructure and fish health capacity. This has greatly benefited everybody in Tasmania. Forward focused partnership in research has improved its transparency (Cortassel, p.113). The company maintains sophisticated risk management process and recognizes it need to pay close attention to the changing climate and its impacts. The company has employed scientist from university of Tasmania to identify upcoming system response, climate change and options in the adaptation of different plants and animal species. The company has implemented selective breeding process to culture fish that are more resistant to the AGD in warmer waters and can function properly at lower oxygen concentration (Grzega, p.271). The company has also invested in monitoring comprehensive environmental knowledge in which it operates for future concerns. Sustainability related strategies The company has constantly conducted research on various fields in their specialization thus providing conclusive reports on these activities. This has enabled them to keep track on sustainability report year on year and demonstrates their commitment in public as the company, and at individual level within the Tassal company. This has greatly boosted their confidence both locally and internationally thus expanding their markets. Tassal gained full certification to Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) as a result of its committed confidence. The company has applied various strategies to implement proper sustainability. One of the main objective is to promote sustainable food production for crops with perennial habits and N2 fixation (Bell, Wade Ewing, p. 672). The company is able to transform various food crops from annual to perennial habits. This has enabled them to simplify crop management and reduces production cost. The perennial crops have a much deeper and more abundant root system. This enables them to absorb water and fertilizer more efficiently over a long period of time. The company has also come up with crops with N2 fixation strategy. This is ability to develop technologies that enable insertion of N2 into the new perennial basic non legume crops. N2 fixation is achieved through development of symbiotic fungi and N2 fixing bacteria. These bacteria provide these crops with the natural N supply which increases their soil water uptake and other nutrients obtained by microbial symbiosis (Gibson Rimmington, p. 19). Roles of Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling Planning and Strategy Tassal company has established a very efficient planning process and working beyond this strategy in its consultation processes. Mark Ryan as the CEO of the Tassal company and its team have come up with reliable sources of accurate, insightful and reliable information (Campoy, Le Sabte Quero-Garcia, p. 785). This enables them to prepare and transform their organization for the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. By planning and application of FT the company is able to deliver macro picture of current affairs, industry, global economics and market trends. The company is also able to discover risk and opportunities affecting specific sectors. Planning is vital component for decision making and enables the company to set strategic priorities (Bushakra, p. 1641). These priorities are to deliver sustainable long term returns to shareholders selling highly recognized, ethical valued brands and products. For the past 6 months the company has been in close consultation with the community south of Dover. This follows closely proposed amendment for the existing marine farming leases in the area. The company has also come up with the ongoing constructive dialogue with commercial fishing interest (Corntassel, p. 121). Planning has enabled the company to establish distinct rules and regulations in its amendment that forge them to produce quality goods and services to Australian community. The company is able to relate well with its clients, consumers and stakeholders as is values their recommendations and always ready to implement if necessary. Thus they are able to deliver acceptable returns. Human resource management Tassal company has come up a very strong human resource management. HR manager concentrates more on creating new strategies and offering services to its employees. This creates ample time to create toplevel decision-making (Grzega, p.271). The company has established a well-structured file for easy assessment. Employees tend to change their job thus leaving behind a lot of paper work. This files might be urgently needed thus making it difficult to retrieve this information (Bushakra, p. 1642). Implementation of digital employees file ensure that the right information is at hand and can be updated more efficiently. The companys staff are able to retrieve contracts and conversation details more quickly and be forewarned of the approaching deadline. HR affect all department in the company. This enables the HR staff to monitor all activities and to know at all times which action should be taken and by whom (Bell, Wade Ewing, p. 681). This has enabled Tassal company to keep itself updated to the changing market trends and its customers feedbacks. HR works more closely to employees which increase their collaborative nature thus improving team work. Leadership Tassal was rank as the most respected company in Australia by a survey conducted by global management consulting company Hay Group for BRW. Tassal in the leading company in Australia in the agriculture, forestry and fishing sector (Corntassel, p. 122). Mark Ryan who is the managing director and chief executive officer said that the company consider other factor rather than making profits. This ensure that the company proper all-round in the 21st century. Due to good leadership skills employed, the company was able to be ranked as the largest aquaculture company in Australia and is publicly listed on the ASX (Gibson Rimmington, p .19). Tassal to taking a leadership role to enhance sustainability in aquaculture, governance, transparency, integrity, stewardship and sea sourcing. Tassal is known for its economic change because its able to corporate social responsibilities. This is enhanced by good relationship between senior and junior employees. The company has forum that encourage peace and unity amongst its workers. Tassal is most respected within their own industry because it produces premium quality Tasmanian Atlantic Salmon. The company is integrated in operating hatcheries, marine farms, value adding plants, processing facilities andmarketing globally (Grzega, p.271). Mark Ryan in his leadership has greatly encourage need for being socially and environmentally responsible. Necessary measures have been implemented such as appropriate systems to meet expectations of the company. Controlling The Value Chain and Technology Tassal company has recorded 2.3% in the national gross state product (Cox DeHaan, p. 652). Rising consumer demand due to lower catches volume has greatly been shorted by the aquaculture products. It has potential to supply to upcoming demand for this animal protein. Tassal being the largest food production industry by value which has increased in a remarkable dimension, is of significant importance. Salmonids has the largest production volumes compared to other Australian fisheries commodities. The real gross income of salmon has significantly increased for the past decades. The company is able to provide direct employment opportunities to over 1,571 people and supports FTE positions country wide (Corntassel, p. 128). Expansion of the aquaculture industry has increased job opportunities to those who were experiencing downturn due to traditional industries such as mining and forestry. Technology is highly employed in all the sectors of Tassal company. These services and transport sector depend on Tassal for job opportunities. Other sector includes: Concreting and construction, metal fabrication, logistics, refrigeration and mechanical services. The company has also come up with special programs to support school based apprenticeship and tertiary education. These programs are quite significant to Australian youth considering low level of education progression in Tasmania (Bushakra, p. 1636). The company is able to maximize cash flow by minimizing working capital cycle. Implementation of salmon processing consolidation to enhance supply chain efficiencies has help the company maintain its standards and gain loyal customers. Future Strategies Management Should Incorporate The company should be able to empower its employees and allow them to respond efficiently to the changing environment while ensuring that decisions are made within the risk appetite set by board (Cox DeHaan, p. 651). This motivates them to offer their best services for the benefit of the company. The human resource management should adopt proper governance that enhances transparency and integrity. This may lead to a significant increase in productivity, responsiveness to the global market for acceptable returns, environmental conscience and general growth of the company (Campoy, Le Dante Quero-Garcia, p.786). The company should also incorporate fully modern technology in all the sectors of production to enhance efficiency, consistency and production of quantity and quality good (Ferguson Lovell, p. 264). Thus the company will be able to meet need of its customers in the international market and eliminate its competitors. Recommendations The company should educate and supply stakeholders with relevant information regarding the reuse of waste water and elimination of plastics wastes going to landfill. This leads reduction of plastic waste, improve environmental performance and increase stakeholder engagement around wastewater reuse. The company should ensure all fishing sites are compliant and incorporate biosecurity guidelines into Zero harm to maximize fish health and welfare. Tassal company should launch, design employee engagement survey and appoint a female board member in order to focus on gender diversity, acquire good standards if labor conditions and achieve zero harm for people. To ensure food safety and quality accountability, Tassal company should become certified to new standards with prominent external partners. Conclusion Tassal company is leading in production of aquaculture products in Australia. The company has enhanced good environment regulations as far as diversity is concerned. The company is able to enjoy compliance from fresh water, marine and processing spectrum. The company has also implemented significant measures waste water treatment. Facilities involved are Dover and Huon Ville processing plants (Grzega, p.271). The company is very committed in keeping high standards for wildlife management. This is achieved through special programs such as staff training, education and system development. Tassal is also interested in the health of its species such as salmon. The company has incorporate fish husbandry, programs of Zero harm for fish to enhance fish quality and welfare. Tassal is concerned greatly with its environments, thus it has set priorities in protecting and conserving environment for future generations. The company is able to incorporate relevant measure to minimize and manage was te. Necessary policies and procedures are in place to handle biological and non-biological waste. References Bell, L.W., Wade, L.J. and Ewing, M.A., 2010. Perennial wheat: a review of environmental and agronomic prospects for development in Australia. Crop and Pasture Science, 61(9), pp.679-690. Bielenberg, D.G., Rauh, B., Fan, S., Gasic, K., Abbott, A.G., Reighard, G.L., Okie, W.R. and Wells, C.E., 2015. Genotyping by sequencing for SNP-based linkage map construction and QTL analysis of chilling requirement and bloom date in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. PloS one, 10(10), p. e0139406. Bohlen, P.J. and House, G. eds., 2009. Sustainable agroecosystem management: integrating ecology, economics, and society. Marketing CRC Press. Bushakra, J.M., Bryant, D.W., Dossett, M., Vining, K.J., VanBuren, R., Gilmore, B.S., Lee, J., Mockler, T.C., Finn, C.E. and Bassil, N.V., 2015. A genetic linkage map of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 128(8), pp.1631-1646. Campoy, J.A., Le Dantec, L., Barreneche, T., Dirlewanger, E. and Quero-Garca, J., 2015. 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Hiranandani, V., 2010. Sustainable agriculture in Canada and Cuba: a comparison. Environment, development and sustainability, 12(5), pp.763-775. NDiaye, A., Haile, J.K., Cory, A.T., Clarke, F.R., Clarke, J.M., Knox, R.E. and Pozniak, C.J., 2017. Single Marker and Haplotype-Based Association Analysis of Semolina and Pasta Colour in Elite Durum Wheat Breeding Lines Using a High-Density Consensus Map. PloS one, 12(1), p e0170941. Salazar, J.A., Pacheco, I., Shinya, P., Zapata, P., Silva, C., Aradhya, M., Velasco, D., Ruiz, D., Martnez-Gmez, P. and Infante, R., 2017. Genotyping by Sequencing for SNP-Based Linkage Analysis and Identification of QTLs Linked to Fruit Quality Traits in Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Jiang, L., Tian, C., Li, J. and Xiao, Z., 2011. Potential of perennial crop on environmental sustainability of agriculture. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10, pp.1141-1147.